The Midterms Are Over, But the Food and Agriculture Questions Aren’t
With a new Congress taking office in January under divided government, food and agriculture businesses should expect greater congressional scrutiny alongside continued executive action from the White House. That policy backdrop intersects with open questions about the Farm Bill, input costs, agricultural labor and nutrition priorities—all with potential implications for costs, rules and market conditions across the sector. Here are four questions to watch as the industry plans for what comes next.

1. What happens to the Farm Bill—and when?
The latest extension of the 2018 Farm Bill expired on September 30, yet the House and Senate have yet to align their versions of a new bill. Both would reauthorize or update farm, conservation and rural development programs and both also confront the effects of SNAP changes enacted separately in 2025. Both bills include higher USDA loan limits, though details and other provisions differ. The House bill would limit states’ ability to set certain production standards for livestock products sold across state lines, a provision absent from the Senate version. With a new Democratic Congress and committee leadership changing hands, will lawmakers reach a deal in the lame-duck session or leave the debate to 2027?
2. How long will disruption in the Strait of Hormuz affect agriculture input markets?
Disruptions to shipping through the Strait have contributed to higher and more volatile fuel and fertilizer prices. A Senate Joint Economic Committee analysis estimates that higher diesel prices could add $2.4 billion to crop farmers’ planting and harvest costs for five major crops in 2026 – corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton and rice. The U.S. is also exposed to Gulf-linked urea and phosphate supplies, which are key inputs to fertilizer. The cost and availability effects on 2027 crops will depend on shipping, global supply and when farmers purchase inputs. Higher farm and freight costs could feed through to food prices, so every day the Strait is closed matters to 2027 costs.
3. Will an immigration enforcement reset enable the industry to address long-standing labor supply challenges?
Just two weeks ago, more than 40 food and agriculture industry groups urged President Trump and congressional leaders to address the negative impact recent ICE actions have had on the agricultural industry’s workforce, citing disruptions to operations and mounting pressure on farmers and food producers. Foreign-born, legal immigrants represent a significant share of the agriculture and food production workforce. Continued uncertainty around enforcement and access to foreign labor programs, including the H-2A guest-worker program, could further complicate an already challenging labor environment. Will the administration and new Congress find common ground on agriculture labor solutions, or will immigration policy continue to create uncertainty for an industry heavily reliant on foreign-born labor?
4. Where will the MAHA movement go next?
The Make America Healthy Again (MAHA) movement has united voters with varied political affiliations around concerns including food quality, ag inputs and ultra-processed foods (UPFs). The administration’s new Dietary Guidelines for Americans, released in January 2026, were a prominent MAHA milestone. But some advocates have criticized the administration’s follow-through on pesticides and the lack of a clear definition for UPFs. Will those concerns reshape the movement’s relationships with Republicans and Democrats in the next Congress or will shared priorities keep the coalition together?
Food affordability, farmer profitability and related impacts to rural communities were significant issues for voters. How Congress addresses these questions will shape not only policy, but also the costs, rules and market conditions facing food and agriculture businesses over the next two years. How you communicate about your plans for the potential answers to key stakeholders will greatly impact your business. Have a question of your own? We’d love to talk. Contact [email protected]

Jim Joseph is FleishmanHillard’s global head of brand impact, responsible for leading global brand business across B2B, B2C and B2G audiences, leveraging communications to enable commerce and business outcomes for the agency’s clients. He is a member of FleishmanHIllard’s 





Sarah DaVanzo is a global integrated marketing communications leader and head of FleishmanHillard’s Culture Foresight and Innovation capabilities, Sarah writes for Rolling Stone and Fast Co. and is the author of Exotic Thinking: A Code to Innovating in the Age of AI (Wiley, April 2027).





Cameron Shields is FleishmanHillard’s Global Head of Consumer, Brand Impact .